《文明4》科研计算公式

An example举例
I always seem to understand better with an example, so here's a basic one.
我好象总要举例才比较明白，来个简单的例子。
Say you want to research Code of Laws which has a base cost of 350 beakers, the mandatory requirement of Writing and the optional (meaning you must research one of them) requirements of (Priesthood or Currency).
假设你想研究律法（code of laws），它的基本成本是350烧杯，强制性前提是书写（writing），选择性前提（意为你要多选一）是祭伺（priesthood）或货币（currency）。
You know Writing and Priesthood
你掌握书写和祭伺。
You produce 37 net beakers per turn and 3 other civilizations know it out of 7 who started the map.
你的净烧杯为每回合37，并且，初始的7家文明中有3家已经掌握了。
You started on a standard map (1.4 modifier) at the monarch difficulty level (1.15 modifier) at epic game speed (1.5 modifier).
你用的标准地图（修正1.4）、难度君王（修正1.15）、游戏速度史诗（修正1.5）
Your cost would be:你的成本将是：
FLOOR (FLOOR (FLOOR (350 * 1.15) * 1.4) * 1.5)
下取整（下取整（下取整（350 * 1.15）*1.4）*1.5）
FLOOR (350 * 1.15) = 402
FLOOR (402 * 1.4) = 562
FLOOR (562 * 1.5) = 843
Total cost = 843 总成本843
The amount of beakers applied to code of laws would be:
投入律法的烧杯量应为：
FLOOR (FLOOR ((37 + 1) * (1 + RDDW (0.30 * 3 / 7))) * (1 + 0.2 * (0.2 * 0))
下取整（下取整（（37 + 1）*（1 + 取整（0.30 * 3 / 7）））*（1 + 0.2 *（0.2 * 0））
1 + RDDW (0.30 * 3 / 7) = 1.12
FLOOR (38 * 1.12) = 42
FLOOR (42 * 1.2) = 50
Beakers applied to Code of Laws/turn = 50每回合投入律法的烧杯量 ＝ 50

Note that having Writing AND Priesthood only gives you a bonus modifier of 1.2 because you must have at LEAST Writing PLUS one of the optional prerequisites to be able to research Code of Laws. If you also had Currency, then the modifier would be 1.4.
注意掌握书写和祭伺只得到1.2的修正，因为你必须掌握书写和至少一项选择性前提才能开始研究律法。如果同时掌握货币，则修正值应为1.4。
Overflow
The overflow is calculated by the modifiers from the PREVIOUS Technology. Therefore, if you finished researching Writing this turn, and you had all THREE optional requirements, the overflow beakers which applied to your next technology would be equal to however many you had left USING THE MODIFIERS FOR Writing after finishing Writing. So, your Requirements modifier would be 1.6 (1.2 * 3). So, you could conceivable get a significant boost toward your next tech OVER WHAT YOU SHOULD HAVE GOTTEN if you have a lot of overflow.
盈余
盈余是基于上一个科技，通过修正计算得出。因此，如果玩家本回合完成书写的研究，并满足全部三项选择性前提，盈余、且会用于下一项科研的烧杯量将等于研究书写完成时剩余的、经过研究书写修正的烧杯数，不论此数是多少。这里，玩家的前提修正应为1.6（1.2*3）。因此玩家可以设想，如果有好多盈余，下一项科研就比理应获得的速度得到明显的提高。

Repercussions影响
1) It can be VERY important to establish contact with all the other civilizations in order to speed your beakers applied count. You could potentially be making 28% (17 known civs w/ tech/ 18 civs total) more beakers than you normally could on a tech. This is especially true on harder difficulties. If you just meet half of the other civs, your research on techs known by the others would improve by 14%. This is probably the biggest repercussion of the calculation.
1）为加速烧杯生产量，与其它文明建立联系非常重要。一项科研中，烧杯增值的潜力为28%（17个有接触的、有科技的文明 / 18个总文明）。难度越高，可能性越大。如果玩家只见过半数的文明，科研增值应为14%。这大概是计算的最大影响。
2) If you're going to research several technologies and one is an optional requirement of another, research the optional one first as that will boost your research toward the other one unless you have a specific reason for researching the other one.
2）如果可以研究多项科技，而其中一项是另一项的选择性前提，应先研究前提项，这样可以给另一项加速，除非研究有明确的目的性。
3) If you're researching the starting techs (no prerequisites modifier), try to reduce the amount of overflow you have, as you're multiplying it by the lowest amount possible. It would be better spent earning some gold which may be necessary to run a deficit research job.
3）如果研究起始科技（无前提修正），应尽量减少盈余，因为此时的盈余修正最低。还不如挣些资金，以备科研造成赤字时的周转。
4) If you're researching a tech which is known by a lot of people and which has many optional prerequisites which you already have, try to time it so that you end a turn with 1 beaker left to research that tech. The next turn INCREASE the amount of commerce you generate in order to increase the research overflow on the next turn to the max amount possible. You could potentially generate 104.8% ((1 + 17 known civs w/ tech/18 civs) * 1.6 [tech w/ 3 optional prerequisites]) more beakers of overflow than you normally would for that tech (assuming it's from Writing to a Starting Tech which no one knows. I know, it's unlikely. ). However, for a realistic overflow difference getting almost 46% (1.25 * 1.4 / 1.2) more beakers in overflow is very feasible.
4）如果玩家正在研发的科技已经众所周知，而且多项选择性前提玩家也都具备，即应尝试完工前一回合剩余1个烧杯，并在下一回合开足商业马力以争取最大的盈余。玩家最大能比正常盈余（假设从书写转到一项无人掌握的起始科技，我也知道这不太可能――根本不可能，每家文明两项初始科技，这小子打算18家文明挤在 5个初始科技里，他除了写数学公式，也该用用手指头啊）多104.8%的烧杯（（1 + 17有接触且掌握该科技/18）*1.6（有3项选择性前提））。不过，实际烧杯盈余差额很可能达到46%（1.25 * 1.4 / 1.2）。
5) Pre-Alphabet (and possibly in non-tech trading games), you will be able to determine the number of known players with a certain tech but not who has this specific tech unless all known or no known civs have it. (thx to DaviddesJ for pointing this out).
[First tech = 6 known civs w/ tech out of 7 civs and 1 additional optional prerequisite obtained]
[Second tech = no known civs with tech and no additional optional prerequisites obtained]
like Paper w/ Civil Service and Theology to Education.
5）前字母时代（包括设定无科技交换的游戏），玩家可以确定掌握特定科技的文明数量，但不知道谁掌握，除非恰好是所有有联系或无联系的文明（感谢DaviddesJ指出）。
[第一个科技＝6家有联系且掌握该科技/7个文明，外加满足1项选择性前提]
[第二个科技＝没有有联系且掌握该科技的文明，也没有满足选择性前提]
比如掌握了文官制的纸张和教育对神学。
？？（人话？这鬼子是为了数学而数学的家伙，甭指望他能做出好游戏来，或者原文是配图片的。是指游戏自动推荐的两个科技？还是科研总额的变化？）
6) Similar to repercussion #5, if the AI is ahead of you in tech, you will be able to determine the number of known players with a technology which is BEYOND your research ability (i.e., those you do not have the prerequisite technologies for) but not who has this specific tech unless all known or no known civs have it. NOTE: there would also be times where you would NOT know whether another known civ has the tech as the civ modifier would be small enough that no difference could be detected. (thx to Roland Johanson for pointing this out.)
6）与影响5）类似，如果电脑的科技领先玩家，玩家能了解超越自身研究能力的科技（没有满足前提）有多少文明掌握，但是不能知道谁掌握了这项科技，除非恰好是所有有联系或无联系的文明。注意：有时，有接触文明掌握科技的修正量太小，不足以被发现（感谢Roland Johanson指出此点）。
7) If you don't choose a tech as soon as you found your first city, you are probably losing a bonus (if you don't choose a starting tech). This might not be that significant, but when every beaker counts, losing two beakers in the beginning might mean the difference between getting that iron rush 1 turn faster.
7）如果建立第一座城市后玩家不挑选一项科技，就可能丧失一份奖励（如果没挑选起始科技）。这可能不太重要，不过在每个烧杯都很重要的时候，上来就损失2个烧杯也许等于抢铁的时候差1回合。
8) If you have a neighbor who you're thinking of killing off who has techs which you have not researched yet, it might not be worth it to kill them off UNTIL you've researched the tech (1 neighbor who knows the tech in a 7 player game will provide a 1.04 boost).
8）如果玩家打算干掉已经掌握先进科技的邻居，也许应该在研发之后再推平（在7人游戏中，一个掌握科技的邻居可提供4%的加速）。